Benjamin Jones University of Alaska Fairbanks Research Assistant Professor

PO Box 755860 FAIRBANKS AK 99775 United States

9074746794 bmjones3@alaska.edu http://ine.uaf.edu/werc/people/faculty/benjamin-jones/ https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1517-4711 Christopher Arp University of Alaska Fairbanks Research Profressor https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6485-6225 Guido Grosse Alfred Wegener Institute Professor https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5895-2141 Ingmar Nitze Alfred Wegener Institute Post-Doctoral Researcher https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1165-6852 Mark Lara University of Illinois Research Professor https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4670-7031 Matthew Whitman Bureau of Land Management Ecologist Louise Farquharson University of Alaska Fairbanks Post-Doctoral Researcher https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8884-511X Mikhail Kanevskiy University of Alaska Fairbanks Research Professor Andrew Parsekian University of Wyoming Professor https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5072-9818 Amy Breen University of Alaska Fairbanks Research Professor Nori Ohara University of Wyoming Professor Rodrigo Rangel University of Wyoming PhD Student Kenneth Hinkel Michigan Tech University Professor Emeritus 2019 We identified all lakes larger than 10 hectares (ha) that drained completely or partially (greater than 25 %) between 1955 and 2017 using historical (original) USGS topographic maps and aerial photography (1955) and Landsat Imagery (circa 1975, circa 2000, and annually since 2000). For each lake drainage event, we inferred the drainage mechanism and categorized the drainage pathway based on known lake drainage mechanisms using interpretation of high-resolution remote sensing data and field observations. Arctic Lake Lake Drainage Drained Lake Basin Thermokarst Lake None This work is dedicated to the public domain under the Creative Commons Universal 1.0 Public Domain Dedication. To view a copy of this dedication, visit https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. The 30,400 km2 study area encompasses the majority of the lake-rich western Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska . It represents the intersection of the lake drainage region analyzed in Hinkel et al. (2007) with the acquisition area of an airborne IfSAR-derived DSM acquired in 2002 and 2003. -158.766874 -150.948560 71.494934 69.506487 1955 2017 Benjamin Jones UAF Research Assistant Professor

PO Box 755860 FAIRBANKS AK 99775 United States

9074746794 bmjones3@alaska.edu http://ine.uaf.edu/werc/people/faculty/benjamin-jones/ https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1517-4711 We identified all lakes larger than 10 ha that drained completely or partially (greater than 25 %) between 1955 and 2017 using historical (original) USGS topographic maps and aerial photography (1955) and Landsat Imagery (ca. 1975, ca. 2000, and annually since 2000). For each lake drainage event, we inferred the drainage mechanism and categorized the drainage pathway based on known lake drainage mechanisms using interpretation of high-resolution remote sensing data and field observations. Methods used to identify historic lake drainages varied for each time period and reflect improvements in the temporal resolution of image acquisition and processing capabilities over the past ~60 years. The first assessment period, 1955 to ca. 1975, involved comparison of original USGS topographic digital raster graphics created with 1955 era photography with the ca. 1975 lake area dataset derived from Landsat MSS data as presented in Hinkel et al. (2007). Lakes that potentially drained during this 20-year period were manually identified. Each lake drainage event was further corroborated using the original black and white aerial photographs acquired in 1955 (1:50,000 scale) to eliminate identification of lakes that were incorrectly mapped in the 1955 topographic maps. The second assessment period, ca. 1975 to ca. 2000, is from Hinkel et al. (2007). Lake drainage during this 25-year period involved remote sensing classification of lake surface water area in a Landsat MSS mosaic (ca. 1975) that was compared with a classification of lake surface area from a Landsat ETM+ mosaic (ca. 2000). Our study area is slightly smaller than the study area from Hinkel et al. (2007) due to the extent of the ca. 2002/03 IfSAR DSM, so we do not include eleven lake drainages that occurred on the WACP during this period. Lake drainages in the most recent assessment period, 2000 to 2017, were identified using all cloud-free Landsat TM, ETM+, and OLI data observations in the study region following trend analysis methods presented in Nitze et al. (2017, 2018). Annual Landsat observations over this 17 year study period enabled the identification of the particular year a lake drainage occurred and the possible factors driving lake drainage on the WACP. Every lake drainage event was further scrutinized using high-resolution aerial photography or high-resolution satellite imagery to infer the drainage mechanism and to identify the drainage pathway by using visual interpretation of high-resolution imagery, combined with field site visits. This detailed assessment of each lake drainage event helped reduce uncertainty associated with the detection of interannual variability in lake surface area relative to detecting changes caused by lateral lake drainage. The inferred drainage mechanisms follow methods by Hinkel et al. (2007) and Jones et al. (2011) and include bank overtopping or headward erosion, lake expansion, river meandering, coastal erosion, and human disturbance. Detailed analysis of each lake drainage event allowed for the categorization of every instance into an inferred mechanism category. This detailed assessment resulted in the removal of some possible lake drainage events from the dataset as it was apparent that some lakes did not have a drainage outlet and were likely changing their surface area unrelated to the geomorphic process of lake drainage. These lakes could have possibly changed surface area through processes related to drying, terrestrialization, or possibly lateral sub-surface seepage. Lake drainage pathways represent the landscape feature that a particular lake drained into and include drained lake basins, beaded streams, lakes, rivers, the ocean, sloped tundra, and manmade ditches. The 30,400 km2 study area encompasses the majority of the lake-rich western Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska. It represents the intersection of the lake drainage region analyzed in Hinkel et al. (2007) with the acquisition area of an airborne IfSAR-derived DSM acquired in 2002 and 2003. We identified all lakes larger than 10 ha that drained completely or partially (greater than 25 %) between 1955 and 2017 using historical (original) USGS topographic maps and aerial photography (1955) and Landsat Imagery (ca. 1975, ca. 2000, and annually since 2000). For each lake drainage event, we inferred the drainage mechanism and categorized the drainage pathway based on known lake drainage mechanisms using interpretation of high-resolution remote sensing data and field observations. Benjamin Jones bmjones3@alaska.edu Principal Investigator Christopher Arp Former Principal Investigator Christopher Larsen Co-Principal Investigator Amy Breen Co-Principal Investigator Mikhail Kanevskiy Co-Principal Investigator Christopher Arp Co-Principal Investigator NSF 1806213 Jones_et_al_2019_wacp_historic_lake_drainage.zip zipped vector shapefile of historic lake drainage Jones_et_al_2019_wacp_historic_lake_drainage.zip 14322 b8a58e0324a962f7316a774faf570866 application/zip https://cn.dataone.org/cn/v2/resolve/urn:uuid:acc28850-85cb-4866-b5a1-7de5cb3cb9e0 Lat Latitude of lake degree real Long Longitude of lake degree real Time_Perio Time period of drainage YYYY Drain_Mech Inferred drainage mechanism any text Drain_loca Drainage location any text Perc_drain Percent drainage of event dimensionless natural Drain_Type Drainage classification (complete or incomplete) any text Point GCS_WGS_1984